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Latest Release: Chapter 1 : The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This b
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.
by R.V. Russell.
PREFACE
This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological account
- 136 [257] _Ibidem_, p. 113.[258] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 118.[259] Lillingston, p. 96.[260] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 133.[261] _Brahmans, Theists_, pp. 131, 139, 140.[262] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 148.[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson�
- 135 [207] Para. 48 above.[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.[209] _The Magic Art_, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.[210] See article on Kasai.[211] See account in article on Kasai.[212] _Orpheus_, pp. 123, 125.[213] 7th ed. p. 300.[214] _Origin of Civ
- 134 [157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and _The Religion of the Semites_.[158] _History of Human Marriage_, p. 324.[159] Many instances are also given b
- 133 [107] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 40, 41, 45. [108] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 292, 294. [109] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The Worlds Peoples_, London, Hutchinson, 190
- 132 [57] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 22.[58] _La Cite antique_, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.[59] _La Cite antique_, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.[60] _Nigeria_, quoted in _Sat.u.r.day Review_, 6th April 1912.[61] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 96.[62] See article S
- 131 [7] Barbarians or foreigners.[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, _Ordinances of Manu, s.v._ [9] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 170, quoting Weber, _Indische Studien_, i. 170.[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the
- 130 Totem, wors.h.i.+p of--Kewat 1 Totemism--Agharia 2, Andh, Audhelia 2, Barai 2, Basor 3, Bhaina 3, Bharia 2, Bhil 6, Bhoyar 2, Bhulia, Chadar, Chasa 2, Chauhan, Dahait 2, Dhanwar 2, Dumal 2, Gadba 1, Gond 13, 14, Kalanga 2, Kawar 3, Kewat 2, Khadal, Khadra
- 129 Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13 Scent--Atari 4 Sculpture, Hindu--Mochi 3 Sects. For individual sects see articles in section on Religions and Sects. For right-hand and left-hand sects see articles Mala and Vam-Margi S.Self-torture--Jogi 4 Sewn cloth
- 128 Nanakpanthi and Sikh sects, distinction between--Sikh R. 5 Narayandeo, wors.h.i.+p of--Koshti 5, Panwar Rajput 9 Nudity of women--Garpagari 4 Numbers, superst.i.tions about--Jos.h.i.+ 12 Oaths--Mahar 12 Oil-pressing--Teli 15 Omens, beliefs about--Ahir 16,
- 127 Lingo, Gond hero, legend of--Gond 5-10 Liquor, drinking--Gond 69, Kalar 4, 7; and preparation of--Kalar 13; rice-beer--Kol 7, Oraon 26; toddy or date-palm liquor--Pasi 6 Liquor, sanct.i.ty of--Kalar 8, 9 Lizard hunting--Badhak15 Love charms--Kunbi 13 Lukm
- 126 Houses--Banjara 19, Bohra 7, Gond 60, Kunbi 19, Kurmi 34, Sonjhara 7; superst.i.tions about--Gond 36, Kurmi 35, Parja 7 Human corpse, eating of--Aghori 2 Human sacrifices--Banjara 16, Gond 51, Khond 12, Oraon 17 Hun immigration, the--Gujar 1, 2, Panwar Ra
- 125 Exogamous septs or clans--_Pa.s.sim_. See especially Bhaina, 3, Brahman, 8, Chadar, 1, Dahait, 2, Dangi, 2, Gond, 12, Gowari, 3, Halba, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 2, Karan, Katia, 2, Kawar, 3, Kewat, 2, Khond, 3, Korku, 3, Kunbi, 5, Kurmi, 4 and Appendix, Lodhi, 4
- 124 Coppersmiths--Tamera Counting, official counter or Medha Gantia--Bhatra 4, Parja 7, Intro. 60 Courtesans, education of--Kasbi 4 Couvade, practice of--Oraon 9, Sonjhara 4, Verukala, Intro. 60 Cow-killing, penalty for--Tiyar Cradle songs--Chitari 5 Criminal
- 123 Banda, wors.h.i.+p of--Kharia, 8 Banjari Devi, wors.h.i.+p of--Banjara, 10 Bankrupt, going (or Diwala Nikalna)--Bhat, 16 Barber. See article Nai Barber-surgeon--Nai, 6 Bathing--Gond, 64, Kurmi, 39 Beard, the--Nai, 11 Beggars or religious mendicants. See a
- 122 _Warade_.--(A resident of Berar.) Subcaste of Gurao._Wartki_.--(A washerman.) Synonym for Dhobi in the Maratha country._Wasudeo, Wasdeo_.--The name of the father of Krishna, the Hindu G.o.d. Synonym of Basdewa. A subcaste of Jos.h.i.+._Watkari_. See Otari
- 121 _Ud_.--Subcaste of Chasa. See Odde._Udainath_.--A subdivision of Jogi._Udaiputria_.--(One belonging to Udaipur.) Subcaste of Dhobi._Udasi_.--A cla.s.s of religious mendicants. See Nanakpanthi._Uika, Oika_.--A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be
- 120 _Tandan_.--A subdivision of Saraswat Brahmans in Hoshangabad, perhaps so called from their being priests of the Tandan Khatris._Tankiwala_.--(A sharpener of grindstones.) Subcaste of Dhimar._Tanti_.--(_Tanta_, weaver's loom.) A caste. A subcaste of B
- 119 _Sonjhara, Sonjharia_.--(One who washes for gold in the beds of streams.) A caste. Subcaste of Binjhwar, Injhwar and Dhimar._Sonkar_.--A small caste found in the Chhattisgarh country, and also in Saugor and Damoh. The name Sonkar is said to be a corruptio
- 118 _Sesodia_.--A famous clan of Rajputs._Seth_.--(Banker or moneylender.) A t.i.tle of Bania._Setti_.--A corruption of the Sanskrit Shreshta, good. t.i.tle of Komti caste._Sewak_.--(Servant.) The name given to an inferior cla.s.s of Brahmans who serve in Vai
- 117 _Sanbagh_.--(A little tiger.) A section of Bhulia._Sand_.--(The bull.) A totemistic sept of Kawar. They do not use bullocks for ploughing, or are supposed not to. A section of Khangar. They do not give a present of a bull at weddings. A section of Mali._S
- 116 _Rautia_.--A subcaste of Kol in several Districts. A subcaste of Dahait. A subcaste of Kawar. A section of Chamar and Rawat (Ahir)._Rawal_.--t.i.tle borne by some Rajput chieftains in Western India. Probably a diminutive of Rao, the Marathi form of Raj or
- 115 _Purait_.--(One who is of pure blood.) A subdivision of Jharia Rawat (Ahir) in Chhattisgarh. A subcaste of Dhakar, Halba and Marar._Purania_.--(Old.) A subcaste of Kachera or Sisgar in Saugor. The Puranias are the Muhammadan bangle-makers who originally p
- 114 _Patlia_.--(From _patel_.) t.i.tle of Panwar Rajput._Patnaik_.--A surname of Karan or Mahanti, the Uriya writer caste._Patra_.--(An Uriya word meaning councillor.) A subcaste of Kolta and Chasa, and t.i.tle of several Uriya castes. Also a synonym for the
- 113 _Panchbhai_.--(Five brothers.) A surname of Bhanara Dhimars, a section of Ghasia._Panchdeve_.--A subdivision of Gonds, wors.h.i.+pping five G.o.ds and paying special reverence to the _saras_ crane._Panch Dravid_.--One of the two primary divisions of Brahm
- 112 _Nun_.--(Salt.) A sept of Oraon._Nunia_, _Nonia_, _Lunia_.--(Saltmaker.) A synonym of Beldar. A section of Binjhwar and Koli._Od_.--Synonym of Beldar._Odde_, _Ud_.--(From Odra the old name of Orissa.) Term for a digger or navvy. A group of Beldars._Odhia_
- 111 _Nagaria_.--(A drum-player.) A section of Jasondhi Bhat and Teli._Nagbans_.--(Descended from the cobra.) A totemistic sept of Gadba, Ghasia, and Gond._Nagla_.--(Naked.) Subcaste of Khond._Nagpure_.--(From Nagpur.) A section of Lodhi and Kohli._Nagvansi_.-
- 110 _Monas_.--A subdivision of Brahmans._Mongre_, _Mongri_, _Mongrekair_.--(A club or mallet.) A section of Ahir or Rawat in Chhattisgarh, and of Chamar, Ganda, and Panka._Mori_.--A branch of the Panwar Rajputs._Mor Kachhi_.--One who prepares the _maur_ or ma
- 109 _Marskola_.--(From _markets_, an axe.) A common sept of Gonds and Pardhans._Maru_.--Subcaste of Charan Bhats._Marwari_.--A resident of Marwar or the desert tract of Rajputana; Marwar is also used as a name for Jodhpur State. See subordinate article Rajput
- 108 _Mai_.--(Mother.) A division of the Kabirpanthi sect._Maichhor_.--A small clan of Rajputs. Perhaps from Maichuri in Jaipur._Mailwar_.--(Dirty.) A group of Sunars in Raipur._Maina_.--Synonym of Mina._Mair_.--A subcaste of Sunar named after Mair, their orig
- 107 _Londibacha_.--A subcaste of Kasar, including persons of illegitimate descent._Lonhare_, _Lonare_.--(From Lonar-Mehkar, the well-known salt lake of the Buldana District.) A subcaste of Kunbi. A section of Arakh and Ahir._Ludhela_.--A section of Basor who
- 106 _Kurru_ or _Kura_.--t.i.tle of Yerukala._Kusangia_.--(Of bad company.) A section of Lohar._Kushbansi_.--A subcaste of Ahir. (Descendants of Kush, one of the two sons of Rama.) _Kush Ranjan_.--A section of Brahman, Barai, Chamar, Chandnahu Kurmi, Rawat (Ah
- 105 In some localities those members of an impure caste such as the Mahars, who hold the office of village watchman, obtain a certain rise in status on account of the office, and show a tendency to marry among themselves. Similarly persons of the impure Ganda
- 104 _Kirachi_ or _Karachi_.--A sept of Gonds of Raipur and Betul._Kirad_.--Synonym of Kirar._Kirahiboijir_.--(A kind of fruit.) A section of Teli in Nandgaon._Kirar_.--A caste. Synonym Dhakar. A subcaste of Kachhi. A section of Khatik._Kirnakha_.--A sept of G
- 103 _Khaltaha_.--Subcaste of Ghasia._Khaltati_.--(Illegitimate.) Subcaste of Andh._Khaltia_.--Subcaste of Basdewa._Khamari_.--(Farmservant.) A section of Kolta._Khambi_.--(One who hides behind the graveyard.) A sept of Korku._Khanda_.--(A sword.) A section of
- 102 _Karpachor_.--(Stealer of straw.) A sept of the Uika clan of Gonds in Betul._Karsayal_.--(A deer.) A sept of the Kawar tribe. Also a sept of Ahir, Bhaina, Dhobi in Chhattisgarh, Kewat, Lohar and Turi._Karsi_.--(From _kalas_, a pitcher.) A totemistic sept
- 101 _Kanbajia_ or _Ahirwar._--Same as Kanaujia. Subcaste of Chamar._Kanchara._--(A bra.s.sworker.) Subcaste of Kammala._Kand._--(Roots or tubers of wild plants.) A section of Raghuvansi Rajputs in Hoshangabad._Kanda Potel_.--(One who grows roots.) A section o
- 100 _Jondhara_.--(Indian millet.) A totemistic sept of Korku and Halba._Jos.h.i.+_.--(An astrologer.) A caste. A surname of Karhara Brahmans._Juthia_.--(One who eats the leavings of others.) Subcaste of Basor._Jyotis.h.i.+_.--A synonym for Jos.h.i.+; an astro
- 99 _Jadam, Jaduvansi, Yadava_.--An important clan of Rajputs now become a caste. Name derived from Yadu or Yadava. A subcaste of Gujar. A subcaste and section of Ahir; a section of Rathor Rajputs in Betul._Jadia, Jaria_.--(An enameller.) A subcaste of Sunar.
- 98 _Gwalhare_.--(Cowherd.) A subcaste of Lodhi._Habs.h.i.+_.--Synonym of Siddi. An Abyssinian._Hadi_.--(Sweeper or scavenger.) One of the 72 1/2 gotras of Meheshri Bania. A synonym for Mangan._Hadia_.--(From _hadi_, bone.) A section of Raghuvansi._Haihaya, H
- 97 _Girgira_.--A small caste found in Sonpur State and Sambalpur district. They are fishermen, and also parch rice. They are perhaps an offshoot of the Kewat caste._Giri_ or _Gir_.--(_Gir_, mountain.) An order of Gosains._Girnara_.--A subcaste of Brahmans in
- 96 _Ganda_.--(A messenger.) A low caste of village watchmen. In the Uriya country the Gandas are known as Dom. A subcaste of Pardhan. t.i.tle of Kharia._Gandhi_.--A scent-seller. (From _gandh_, a Sanskrit word for scent.) Synonym of Atari. A section of Mahes
- 95 _Doda_ or _Dor_.--One of the thirty-six royal races of Rajputs._Dogle_.--Name applied to Kayasths of illegitimate descent._Dohor_. [441]--A small caste of Berar, who are really Chamars; in the Central Provinces the Dohors are a well-known subcaste of Cham
- 94 _Dhalgar_.--A small occupational caste who made leather s.h.i.+elds, and are now almost extinct as the use of s.h.i.+elds has gone out of fas.h.i.+on. They are Muhammadans, but Mr. Crooke [439] considers them to be allied to the Dabgars, who make leather
- 93 _Dalia_.--(From _dal_ or the pulse of Burhanpur which had a great reputation). Subcaste of Kunbi._Dal Khalsa_.--(Army of G.o.d.) t.i.tle of the Sikh army._Dandewala_.--(One who performs acrobatic feats on a stick or bamboo.) Synonym for Kolhati._Dandi_.--
- 92 _Cheorakuta_.--(One who prepares _cheora_ or pounded rice.) Subcaste of Dhuri._Chero_. [435]--A well-known tribe of the Munda or Kolarian family, found in small numbers in the Chota Nagpur Feudatory States. They are believed to have been at one time the r
- 91 _Buchar_.--A corruption of the English word 'butcher.' Subcaste of Khatik in Agra._Budalgir_.--(From _budla_, a leathern bag made for the transport and storage of oil and _ghi_ (b.u.t.ter).) Subcaste of Chamar._Bukekari_.--(A seller of scented p
- 90 _Bhilaophod_.--(Those who extract oil from the _bhilawa_ nut, _Semecarpus anacardium_.) Subcaste of Kol._Bhilsaiyan_, _Bhilsia_, _Bhilasia_.--(From Bhilsa, a town in Gwalior State.) A section and surname of Jijhotia Brahmans. A section of Purania Sunar an
- 89 _Behera_.--A subcaste of Taonla. A section of Tiyar. A t.i.tle of Khadal._Belwar, Bilwar_.--A small caste of carriers and cattle-dealers belonging to Oudh, whose members occasionally visit the northern Districts of the Central Provinces. They say that the
- 88 _Bandar_.--(A rocket-thrower.) Synonym of Kadera._Bandarwale_.--(One who catches monkeys.)--Subcaste of Pardhi._Bandesia_.--(A man of 52 districts.) Subcaste of Banjara._Bandhaiya_.--A subcaste of Nunia who confine themselves to the excavation of tanks an
- 87 _Babuan_.--t.i.tle for the descendants of the former ruling families of the Chero tribe._Bachhalya_, _Bachhap_, _Bachhilia_.--(From _bachha_, a calf.) A section of Bania, Chadar and Khangar. A section of Patwa in Raipur. They do not castrate bullocks._Bad
- 86 _Aithana_.--A subcaste of Kayasth._Ajodhia_.--Subcaste of Jadam._Ajudhiabasi_.--See Audhia._Akali_.--Order of Sikh devotees. See article Sikh._Akhadewale_.--A cla.s.s of Bairagis who do not marry. Also known as Nihang._Akhroti_.--A subdivision of Pathans.
- 85 3. Wors.h.i.+p of Vishnu and Vaishnava doctrines.In the Central Provinces Vishnu is wors.h.i.+pped as Narayan Deo, who is identified with the sun, or as Parmeshwar, the supreme beneficent G.o.d. He is also much wors.h.i.+pped in his incarnations as Rama a
- 84 7. The Sikh Council or Guru-Mata. Their communal meal.The following account was given by Sir J. Malcolm of the Guru-Mata or great Council of the Sikhs and their religious meal: [393] "When a Guru-Mata or great national Council is called on the occasi
- 83 7. Customs of the Satnamis.The social customs of the Satnamis resemble generally those of other Chamars. They will admit into the community all except members of "the impure castes, as Dhobis (washermen), Ghasias (gra.s.s-cutters) and Mehtars (sweepe
- 82 17. Previous exposure of the dead, and migration of souls.Some of these customs are peculiar and interesting. It has been seen that for three days the home is impure, and no food is cooked in it except what is given to dogs; and since on the third day off
- 81 4. The Zend Avesta and the Vedas.A cuneiform inscription discovered in the centre of Asia Minor at Ptorium proves that about 1400 B.C. certain tribes who had relations with the Hitt.i.te empire had for their deities Mitra, Indra, Varuna and the Nasatyas.
- 80 2. Nanakpanthis in the Central Provinces.In 1901 about 13,000 persons returned themselves as Nanakpanthis in the Central Provinces, of whom 7000 were Banjaras and the remainder princ.i.p.ally Kunbis, Ahirs and Telis. The Banjaras generally revere Nanak, a
- 79 26. General features of Islam.In proclaiming one unseen G.o.d as the sole supernatural being, Muhammad adopted the religion of the Jews of Arabia, with whose sacred books he was clearly familiar. He looked on the Jewish prophets as his predecessors, he hi
- 78 The child's birthday is known as _sal-girah_ and is celebrated by a feast. A knot is tied in a red thread and annually thereafter a fresh knot to mark his age, and prayers are offered in the child's name to the patriarch Noah, who is believed to
- 77 6. _Polygamy, divorce and widow-remarriage_.7. _Devices for procuring children, and beliefs about them_.8. _Pregnancy rites_.9. _Childbirth and naming children_.10. _The Ukika sacrifice_.11. _Shaving the hair and ear-piercing_ 12. _Birthdays_.13. _Circ.u.
- 76 4. The rosaries are of wood, the G.o.ds are of stone, the Ganges and Jumna are water. Rama and Krishna are dead. The four Vedas are fict.i.tious stories.5. If by wors.h.i.+pping stones one can find G.o.d, I shall wors.h.i.+p a mountain; better than these
- 75 10. Connection with Hinduism.In other respects the Jains closely resemble the Hindus. Brahmans are often employed at their weddings, they reverence the cow, wors.h.i.+p sometimes in Hindu temples, go on pilgrimages to the Hindu sacred places, and follow t
- 74 There is also a branch of the sect in Gujarat, where the founder is known as Meheraj Thakur. He appears to have been identical with Prannath, and inst.i.tuted a local headquarters at Surat. [265] It is related by Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam that Meheraj Thakur
- 73 7. _Keshub Chandar's relapse into mysticism_.8. _Recent history of the Samaj_.9. _Character of the movement_.1. Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the sect._Brahmo Samaj Religion_.--This monotheistic sect of Bengal numbered only thirty-two adherents in the Ce
- 72 ARTICLES ON RELIGIONS AND SECTS Arya Samaj [_Bibliography_: Sir E.D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report of 1891_; Mr. R. Burn's _United Provinces Census Report of 1901_; Professor J. C. Oman's _Cults, Customs and Superst.i.tions of India_.]Li
- 71 86. The corn-sprit.The totem-animal was regarded as a kinsman, and the domestic animal often as a G.o.d. [210] But in both these cases the life of the kinsman and G.o.d was sacrificed in order that the community might be bound together by eating the body
- 70 Dr. Westermarck's view that the origin of exogamy lay in the feeling against the marriage of persons who lived together, receives support from the fact that a feeling of kins.h.i.+p still subsists between Hindus living in the same village, even thoug
- 69 63. Controlling the future.But primitive man was not actuated by any abstract love of knowledge, and when he had observed what appeared to him to be a law of nature, he proceeded to turn it to advantage in his efforts for the preservation of his life. Sin
- 68 Primitive man further thought that life, instead of being concentrated in certain organs, was distributed equally over the whole of the body. This mistake appears also to have been natural and inevitable when it is remembered that he had no name for the b
- 67 43. Other agents in the formation of castes.The great majority of castes have been formed from occupation, but other sources of origin can be traced. Several castes are of mixed descent, as the Vidurs, the descendants of Brahman fathers and mothers of oth
- 66 37. Dravidian tribes.The princ.i.p.al Dravidian tribes are the Gonds, Khonds and Oraons. The Gonds were once dominant over the greater part of the Central Provinces, which was called Gondwana after them. The above three names have in each case been given
- 65 The office of village watchman is an important one, and is usually held by a member of the indigenous tribes. These formerly were the chief criminals, and the village watchman, in return for his pay, was expected to detect the crimes of his tribesmen and
- 64 Halwai.Kasar.Komti.Sansia.Sunar.Tamera.Vidur.The most important of these are the Sunar or goldsmith; the Kasar or worker in bra.s.s and bell-metal; the Tamera or coppersmith; the Barhai or carpenter; and the Halwai and Bharbhunja or confectioner and grain
- 63 Karan.Kayasth and Prabhu.Khatri.Rajput.The Brahmans are, as they have always been, the highest caste. The Rajputs are the representatives of the ancient Kshatriyas or second caste, though the existing Rajput clans are probably derived from the Hun, Gujar
- 62 The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.Volume I.by R.V. Russell.PREFACE This book is the result of the arrangement made by the Government of India, on the suggestion of the late Sir Herbert Risley, for the preparation of an ethnological a
- 61 _Wika_.--Synonym for Uika, a well-known clan of Gonds. _Yadu, Yadava_.--A well-known clan of Rajputs. _Yadubansi_.--(Of the Yadu race.) A subcaste of Ahir. _Yadu-Bhatti._--Clan of Rajputs. Synonym for Yadu. _Yajur-Vedi._--A subcaste of Brahmans who follow
- 60 _Uika, Oika_.--A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be wors.h.i.+ppers of six G.o.ds. _Ukas_.--A subcaste of Barhai. _Ulluka_.--(An owl.) A totemistic sept of Sudh and Dumal. _Umre_.--A subcaste of Bania. See subordinate article to Bania. A subcas
- 59 _Tanwar_.--A subcaste of Kawar, to which zamindars belong. _Tanwat, Tanwatkari_.--A synonym for Panchal Sunar. _Tarane_.--Synonym of Dobaile Teli. _Tasa_.--Synonym of Chasa. _Tatwa_.--Synonym for Tanti. (From Sanskrit _tantu_, a fibre.) _Tawaif_.--(A pros
- 58 _Sonpakar_.--(A tree.) A totemistic sept of Kawar and Chero. _Sonratan_.--(Gold jewel.) A section of Chandnahu Kurmi. _Sonthaga_.--(Gold-cheat.) A subdivision of Pardhans in Kawardha. They cheated people by pa.s.sing false gold, and hence were so named. _
- 57 _Shaikh, Sheikh_.--One of the four tribes of Muhammadans. A subcaste of Mehtar. _Shaiva, Saiva_.--(A wors.h.i.+pper of Siva.) The term Shaiva Brahman is applied to Guraos. _Shandilya, Sandilya_.--An eponymous _gotra_ or section of Brahmans. A section of D
- 56 _Sanjogi_.--A cla.s.s of Bairagis or mendicants who marry, also called Grihastha. _Sankrita_.--An eponymous section of Kanaujia Brahmans. _Sanp_.--(Snake.) A sept of Gond and Kawar. _Santal, Saonta, Sonthal._--An important tribe of Bengal, belonging to th
- 55 _Rawat_.--A t.i.tle borne by some minor Rajput chiefs. Probably a diminutive of Rajputra, the original form of the term Rajput. An honorific t.i.tle of Gonds and Savars in Saugor and Damoh. The name by which the Ahir caste is generally known in Chhattisga
- 54 _Purohit_.--(Family priest.) A common t.i.tle of Brahmans. _Purouti_ or _Pudoti_.--(Bowels.) A sept of Gonds in Khairagarh. _Pusam_.--(Wors.h.i.+pper of five G.o.ds.) A sept of Raj-Gond and Dhur Gond, and of Baiga and Pardhan. _Putka_.--A subcaste of Sudh
- 53 _Patwa_.--A caste. See article. In Seoni tahsil of Hoshangabad District Patwa and Lakhera appear to be synonymous terms. A section of Oswal Bania. _Patwari_.--(Name of the village accountant and surveyor, who is now a salaried Government official.) The Ka
- 52 _Panchghar_.--One of the three subdivisions of Kanaujia Brahmans in Hoshangabad. _Panda_.--(A priest of Devi, a wise man.) A subcaste or t.i.tle of Mali. A subcaste and surname of Uriya Brahmans. A subcaste of Jasondhi Bhats. _Pandaram_.--A cla.s.s of Bra
- 51 _Odhia_.--Synonym for Audhia Bania. _Odia_ or _Uriya_.--Subcaste of Beldar in Chhattisgarh. _Oiku_.--Subtribe of Majhwar. _Ojha_.--(From _Ojh_, entrails.) A caste of Gond augurs, see article. A t.i.tle of Maithil Brahmans. A subcaste of Lohar, Nat and Sav
- 50 _Nagvansi_.--A clan of Rajputs. See article Rajput-Nagvansi. A subcaste and section of Sunar. A section of Daharia or Daraiha and Gond. _Nahar_.--(Tiger.) A subtribe of Baiga. A section of Rajputs in Saugor. _Nahonia_.--A clan of Dangi in Damoh and Saugor
- 49 _Morkul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use asafoetida (_hing_) nor the fruit of the _umar_ fig-tree. _Motate_.--(From _mot_, water-bag.) A subcaste of Kapewar. _Moujikul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use pepper. _Mowar_.--Subcaste of Rajwar. _Mow
- 48 _Mashki_.--(A water-bearer.) Synonym of Bhishti. _Masram_.--A common sept of Gonds. _Masti_.--(Dancer.) Subcaste of Madgi. _Mastram_.--(Mastra, bra.s.s bangles.) A sept of Gonds in Betul. The women of this sept wear bra.s.s bangles. _Masuria_.--A subcaste
- 47 _Mair_.--A subcaste of Sunar named after Mair, their original ancestor, who melted down a golden demon. _Maithil_.--One of the five divisions of Panch Gaur Brahmans inhabiting the province of Maithil or Bihar and Tirhut. _Majarewar_.--A territorial sectio
- 46 _Lunia_.--Synonym of Murha, Nunia. _Machhandar_.--(One who catches fish.) Synonym of Dhimar. _Machhandra Nath_.--A subdivision of Jogi. _Machhia_.--(From _machhi_, fish.) A section of Dhimar and Lodhi. _Machhri_.--(Fish.) A sept of Oraon. _Mada Kukuria_.-
- 45 _Kushta_, _Koshta_.--Subcaste of Kori. _Kuslia_.--(_Kusli_, boat.) A subcaste of Mali. _Kusram_.--_(Kusri_, pulse.) A sept of the Uika Gonds in Betul and Chanda. _Labhana_.--Synonym and subcaste of Banjara. _Lad_.--The old name for the territory of Gujara
- 44 _Kramikul_.--A section of Komti. They do not use the black radish. _Kshatriya_.--Name of the second Hindu cla.s.sical caste or the warrior caste. Synonym for Rajput. _Ks.h.i.+rsagar_.--(Ocean of Milk.) A section of Panwar Rajput, and a proper name of Mara
- 43 _Kirnakha_.--A sept of Gonds in Chanda. _Kirvant_ or _Kilvant_.--A subdivision of Maharashtra Brahmans in Khairagarh. The name is said to be derived from _kira_, an insect, because they kill insects in working their betel-vine gardens. Another explanation
- 42 _Khambi_.--(One who hides behind the graveyard.) A sept of Korku. _Khanda_.--(A sword.) A section of Panka and Mahar. _Khandait_.--(A swordsman.) An Uriya caste. A subcaste of Sansia, Taonla and Chasa. Also a name of Koltas in Cuttack. _Khandapatra_.--(On
- 41 _Karwar_.--(An oar.) A section of Dangi in Damoh. A section of Kawar. _Kasai_.--A caste of butchers. Name applied to Banjaras. _Kasar_.--A caste. A subdivision of Audhia Sunar. A section of Kewat. _Kasarwani_.--A subcaste of Bania. _Kasaundhan_.--A subcas
- 40 _Kande_.--Subcaste of Bedar. _Kandera_.--Synonym for Kadera. Subcaste of Bahna. _Kandh_.--Synonym of Khond. A subcaste of Taonla in Sambalpur. _Kandhana_.--Subcaste of Khond. _Kandhia_.--(A big-beaked vulture.) A sept of Dhanwar. _Kandia_.--(_Kandi_, a sh
- 39 _Kabiraya_.--(Followers of Kabir.) A subcaste of Kori. A section of Koshti. _Kabirpanthi_.--A member of the Kabirpanthi sect. A subcaste of Panka and Agharia. A cla.s.s of Bairagis or religious mendicants. _Kabra_.--(Spotted.) One of the 72 1/2 sections o
- 38 _Jagat_.--(An awakener or sorcerer.) A sept of Gond in many localities. A section of Nat and Kasar. _Jaharia_.--(From _jahar_, an essence.) Subcaste of Satnami. _Jain_.--Name of a religion. See article. A subcaste of Kalar, k.u.mbar and Simpi (Darzi). _Ja
- 37 _Haihaya, Haihaivansi_.--(Race of the horse.) A clan of Rajputs of the lunar race. _Hajjam_.--Muhammadan name for Nai or barber. _Hakkya_.--t.i.tle of Hatkar. _Halai_.--Subcaste of Cutchi. _Halbi_.--Synonym of Halba. Subcaste of Koshti. _Haldia, Hardiya,